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BDD Test-Writing Syntax Reference

Behavior Driven Development (BDD) is the syntax for writing BAT tests for processing in DataWeave. BDD is an embedded domain specific language (EDSL) that resembles other testing frameworks, such as Mocha and Jasmine.

The following statement is required in each BAT test:

import * from bat::BDD

This statement imports the Domain Specific Language (DSL) testing library BDD.dwl, which defines words you frequently use when writing, such as describe, it, GET, POST, and sleep).

This statement imports common matchers, such as mustEqual, mustMatch, every, oneOf, and assert.

The following example shows how you typically begin writing a test:

import * from bat::BDD
import * from bat::Assertions
import * from bat::Mutable


var context = HashMap()
---
describe("the login flow") in [
  it("tries a secured endpoint") in [
    GET `http://127.0.0.1:4567/secured_by_token` with {

    } assert [
      $.response.status mustEqual 401,
    ]
  ],
  it("gets the access token") in [
    POST `http://127.0.0.1:4567/get_access_token` with {} assert [
      $.response.body.new_token mustMatch /accessToken_\d+/,
    ] execute [
      context.set('token', $.response.body.new_token)
    ] assert [
      context.get('token') mustMatch /accessToken_\d+/,
      context.get('token') mustEqual $.response.body.new_token,
      $.response.status mustEqual 200,
    ]
  ],
  it("tries to get a secured endpoint") in [
    GET `http://127.0.0.1:4567/secured_by_token/header` with {
      headers: {
        Authorization: context.get('token')
      }
    } assert [
      $.request.headers.Authorization mustEqual context.get('token'),
      $.response.status mustEqual 200
    ]
  ]
]

About Test Files

Create a .dwl file for each functional scenario. A folder-based organization of files is recommended. This organization accommodates reports the BAT testing generates. For example:

tests
├── CoreServices
│   └── Sanity.dwl
└── DesignCenter
    ├── APIDesigner
    │   └── Designer.dwl
    └── MyFolder
        ├── DataSense.dwl
        └── GetProjects.dwl

A test file must contain a describe expression.

import * from bat::BDD
---
describe `Demo scenario` in [

]

A test suite must contain at least one test (.dwl) file.

Keeping Confidential Information Secure in Tests

In your tests, you can access shared secrets in Anypoint Secrets Manager, which enables you to securely store sensitive information, such as a password, authentication token, endpoint URL, or webhook URL.

You create aliases for your shared secrets with the bat grant command. The BAT CLI stores aliases in your bat.yaml files in your test suites. You place aliases in your tests and, at runtime, the BAT CLI looks up the shared secrets by means of the aliases.

In a given test suite, you can use aliases for shared secrets only if you plan to run the tests in that suite from a private location.

  1. Store the information as a shared secret in Anypoint Secrets Manager.

  2. In Anypoint Secrets Manager, create a shared secret as a symmetric key.

    If the info that you want to store as a shared secret is currently in plain text, then you must encode it in Base64 when you create the secret.

    1. Open a secrets group or create a new one.

      The group must be created in the same environment that you are using in the BAT CLI. To find out which environment you are currently using in the BAT CLI, run the command bat whoami. In the output, there is the ID for the environment. Run the command bat environment ls to list the environments that you have access to. Match the ID from the bat whoami command with one of the environments listed.

      If you need to switch to the environment that your secrets group is in, run the command bat environment switch name, where name is the name of the environment.

    2. Select Shared Secret on the left side of the screen.

    3. In the Type field, select Symmetric Key.

    4. In the Key field, paste your license key encoded as a Base64 string.

    5. Paste the same Base64 string into the Confirm Key field.

  3. Copy the name of the new shared secret.

  4. At a command prompt, run the bat grant command, specifying an alias for the shared secret.

    When you run this command, the BAT CLI creates a section named secrets in your test suite’s bat.yaml file, if the section does not already exist. In that section, the BAT CLI adds these indented lines:

      alias:
    secretId: "secret-ID"
    alias

    The alias that you specified in the bat grant command.

    secret-ID

    The ID of the secret within Anypoint Secrets Manager. This ID does not appear in Anypoint Secrets Manager, so there is no way for someone looking in your bat.yaml file to associate the ID with any particular secret. The BAT CLI uses this ID to look up the secret that you associated with the alias.

  5. Use the alias in a test by storing it in a variable, as in this example:

    import * from bat::BDD
import * from bat::Assertions

var mySecret = String = secret(secretAlias='myAlias') default 'notFound'

---
suite(parts="Simple Suite") in [
  it must 'answer 200' in [
    GET '$(config.url)?token=$(mySecret)' with {} assert [
      $.response.status mustEqual 200
    ] execute
  ]
]
    mySecret

    The variable in which the secret is stored in this example. The variable is declared as a String.

    secret(secretAlias='myAlias')

    The secret() function requires the input secretAlias='name-of-alias'), where name-of-alias is the alias of the shared secret that you want to use.

    default 'notFound'

    The message to show if a shared secret with the specified alias does not exist in Anypoint Secrets Manager.

    $(mySecret)

    The use of the variable mySecret to supply the authentication token for the endpoint at the URL that is defined in the configuration file that was specified when the bat command to run the test suite was entered.

For example, suppose that the configuration file was this:

+ .The example configuration file dev-environment.dwl

{
  url: "https://dev.yourcompany.com/shoppingCart"
}

+ In this case, the command to run this test suite, when the command is run in the directory in which the bat.yaml file for the test suite is located and the default profile is used, is this:

+

bat --config=dev-environment.dwl

At runtime, the BAT CLI replaces the variable with the shared secret that it finds associated with the specified alias in Anypoint Secrets Manager.

Test Blocks

Test blocks make the test more readable. You can write every test block as a function call or a custom interpolation.

Test Keywords

You use the following keywords and follow Fowler’s GivenWhenThen structure, in tests:

Function Name Description Stops execution if it fails

describe

For grouping, which you can nest as deep to add contextual information for reports

No

scenario

Same as describe

No

suite

Same as describe

No

given

Test step, used for preparation

Yes

when

Test step, normally used to create side effects

Yes

it

Test step, validations

No

should

Test step

No

must

Test step

Yes

it should "str"

Test step

No

it must ""

Test step

Yes

while

Test step

No

until

Test step

No

About a Test Block

Test blocks have a shorthand name to skip the block described as x<name>. For example, the skipped version of describe is xdescribe.

describe("A flow")  in [ ... ] // Describes a sequence of test blocks
xdescribe("A flow") in [ ... ] // The same, but skipped.

describe `A flow` in [ ... ]   // The same as describe, but with a custom interpolation
xdescribe `A flow` in [ ... ]  // The same, but skipped.

About Custom Interpolators

Custom interpolators provide a way to call functions and decompose interpolations in two lists:

  • The first list contains all the string literals.

  • The second one contains the interpolated values.

You do not need to convert the values to strings. Enclose a custom interpolation text and value in backticks (`).

Every item in the following block can be used as custom interpolators and has the x<name> version.

import * from bat::BDD         // <-----
import * from bat::Assertions
---
describe `User trades stocks` in [
  scenario `User requests a sell before close of trading` in [
    given `I have 100 shares of MSFT stock` in [
      POST `http://broker/create_stocks` with {
        body: {
          quantity: 100,
          paper: 'MSFT'
        }
      } assert [
        $.response.status == 201
      ]
    ],
    given `I have 150 shares of APPL stock` in [
      POST `http://broker/create_stocks` with {
        body: {
          quantity: 150,
          paper: 'APPL'
        }
      } assert [
        $.response.status == 201
      ]
    ],
    when `I ask to sell 20 shares of MSFT stock` in [
      POST `http://broker/sell_stocks` with {
        body: {
          quantity: 20,
          paper: 'APPL'
        }
      } assert [
        $.response.status == 201
      ]
    ],
    it should "have 80 shares of MSFT stock" in [
      GET `http://broker/get_stocks/MSFT` with {
        headers: {}
      } assert [
        $.response.status == 200,
        $.response.body.quantity == 80
      ]
    ],
    it should "have 150 shares of APPL stock" in [
      GET `http://broker/get_stocks/APPL` with {
        headers: {}
      } assert [
        $.response.status == 200,
        $.response.body.quantity == 150
      ]
    ]
  ]
]

You can also write the block without custom interpolators to conform to your coding style guide. This doesn’t affect behavior:

import * from bat::BDD         // <-----
import * from bat::Assertions
---
describe("User trades stocks") in [
  scenario("User requests a sell before close of trading") in [
    given("I have 100 shares of MSFT stock") in [
      POST `http://broker/create_stocks` with {
        body: {
          quantity: 100,
          paper: 'MSFT'
        }
      } assert [
        $.response.status == 201
      ]
    ],
    given("I have 150 shares of APPL stock") in [
      POST `http://broker/create_stocks` with {
        body: {
          quantity: 150,
          paper: 'APPL'
        }
      } assert [
        $.response.status == 201
      ]
    ],
    when("I ask to sell 20 shares of MSFT stock") in [
      POST `http://broker/sell_stocks` with {
        body: {
          quantity: 20,
          paper: 'APPL'
        }
      } assert [
        $.response.status == 201
      ]
    ],
    should("have 80 shares of MSFT stock") in [
      GET `http://broker/get_stocks/MSFT` with {
        headers: {}
      } assert [
        $.response.status == 200,
        $.response.body.quantity == 80
      ]
    ],
    should("have 150 shares of APPL stock") in [
      GET `http://broker/get_stocks/APPL` with {
        headers: {}
      } assert [
        $.response.status == 200,
        $.response.body.quantity == 150
      ]
    ]
  ]
]

Controlling Execution and Deleting Assets

If you get a failure in the middle of a test, you need to delete any created assets. For example, the user creates an asset, performs a validation, and then deletes it. Typically, that validation fails, and since it breaks the test, the asset is not deleted and your database starts accumulating test data. Typically this means changing a must to a should so that execution can continue, but not leave a failed asset.

Incorrect Example:

If the update name in line 6 fails, the project is not deleted because the execution stops.

describe `update project names` in [
  it must 'create a project' in [
    createProject()     // OK
  ],
  it must 'update the name' in [
    updateProjectName() // FAILS
  ],
  // Because the previous step is a `must` that failed, execution stops here and the next steps don't execute
  it must 'clean up deleting the project' in [
    deleteProject()     // CANCELLED
  ]
]

Use these reserved words to wrap steps to stop or allow execution to continue:

  • should means something might fail, but it is not mandatory for the test.

  • must means that something, such as project creation, must execute to continue.

Correct Example:

describe `update project names` in [
  it must 'create a project' in [
    /**
     * Project creation is a MUST, because in this scenario
     * we depend on the created project to continue.
     */
    createProject()     // OK
  ],
  it should 'update the name' in [
    /**
     * Validations are should because the execution must continue
     * if the validation fails.
     */
    updateProjectName() // FAILS
  ],
  // Because the previous step is a should and it failed, continue executing.
  it must 'clean up deleting the project' in [
    deleteProject()     // OK
  ]
]

Executing Steps Selectively

The assuming function skips the test if the result is false. This command has the following syntax:

[TestBlockExpression] assuming [BooleanExpression] in …​

For example:

describe `E2E Scenario` in [
  it should 'always do something' in [
    doSomething()
  ],
  it should 'do something else' in [
    doSomethingElse()
  ],
  it should 'sometimes, do something else' assuming (random() > 0.5) in [
    // This is executed randomly, based on          ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ that condition
    doSomethingElse()
  ],
  it should 'do something in dev environments' assuming (config.env == 'DEV') in [
    // This is executed only when                       ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ that == true
    doSomethingElse()
  ]
]

To make the code more readable and understandable, you can use two aliases for this function. when and whenNot. For example:

describe `E2E Scenario` in [
  it should 'always do something' in [
    doSomething()
  ],
  it must 'do something else' when config.runSanity in [
    doSomethingElse()
  ],
  it should 'do something else' when a == b in [
    doSomethingElse()
  ],
  it should 'do something in dev environments' whenNot config.isSmokeTests in [
    doSomethingElse()
  ]
]

Executing Loop Sentences

The while or until functions run the test while (or until) a condition becomes true or false.

Signature of the while function:

  • while( sentence , condition, time per request, number of retries)

  • do { sentence } while (condition) //→ Default values: 1 second and 3 retries.

Signature for the until function:

  • until( sentence , condition, time per request, number of retries)

  • do { sentence } until (condition) //→ Default values: 1 second and 3 retries.

Example:

dwl
import * from bat::BDD
import * from bat::Assertions
import * from bat::Types
---
suite("Example for until and while") in [
  it should 'test the while prefix' in [
    while(() -> GET `http://apimon.cloudhub.io/users` with {},
    (x: BATHttpStep) -> x.result.response.status != 200, 10000, 5)
  ],
  it should 'test the while infix' in [
    do {
      () -> GET `http://apimon.cloudhub.io/users` with {} assert [
          $.response.status mustEqual 200
        ]
    } while ($.response.status != 200)
  ],
  it should 'test the until prefix' in [
    until(() -> GET `http://apimon.cloudhub.io/users` with {},
     (x: BATHttpStep) -> x.result.response.status != 200, 10000, 5)
  ],
  it should 'test the until infix' in [
    do {
      () -> GET `http://apimon.cloudhub.io/users` with {} assert [
          $.response.status mustEqual 200
        ]
    } until ($.result.response.status != 200)
  ]
]

See Also

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